30.1　Pain assessment in children30.1.1　Self-assessmentSelf-assessment is the gold standard to assess the degree of pain, and applied as same as adult for children over 8 years old.1) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)2) Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)Digital scale ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    31.1　Definition and Purpose 31.1.1　DefinitionThe sedation/anesthesia of digestive endoscopic therapy is to reduce pain, discomfort and fear of patients during the process by sedative/analgesic drugs and technologies.31.1.2　PurposeTo enhance the tolerance ...[繼續(xù)閱讀]

    Bronchoscope (fibrobronchoscope) diagnosis and treatment is an operating with high stimulus intensity, high rate occurrence of hypoxemia and intensive unpleasant feeling of patients, while it is an important method to diagnose and treat respiratory diseas...[繼續(xù)閱讀]